Easily mistaken for : other garden Larkspurs.

Some similarities to : garden Delphiniums, but they have a more densely populated and longer flowering spike.

Uniquely identifiable characteristics

Distinguishing Feature :

Although similar, the Genus Consolida (Larkspurs) which are annuals, differs from that of the Genus Delphinium which are perennials. Both are used as garden plants. Worldwide there are about 40 Consolida, but about 300 differing Delphiniums which occur naturally (as well as countless cultivated horticultural specimens created especially for gardeners).

The above specimen was found by Carol growing wild in a plant-pot from a seed dropped by a bird. It might possibly not actually be the ajacis species of Consolida, but some other, because the stem leaves should be very narrow and the lower leaves forked and very narrow, rather than palmate. But it certainly belongs to the Consolida genus.

The Larkspurs also differ from Delphiniums in the shape and form of their flowers, with those of the former being in a very open, loose and often branched spike whereas those of Delphiniums are more closely packed and in a dense longer spike. The fruit also differ, with those of Larkspur being single whereas those of Delphinium are in a long clustered flowering spike.

ACONITINE ALKALOIDS Larkspur itself, Consolida ajacis, contains over thirty diterpenoid Aconitine-like alkaloids such as MethylLycAconitine and Lycoctonine. Ajaconine was the first alkaloid to be discovered in Larkspur. Compared to Lycoctonine (below), another toxic alkaloid found within it, all three carbon rings are 6-membered, rather than the 7, 6 and 5-membered of most Aconitine alkaloids. The bridged Nitrogen atom also attaches to the central carbon ring via an oxygen atom. The loose end of the nitrogen atom has an additional CH3OH moiety attached. There are numerous differences on the left-most carbon ring. MethylLycAconitine (aka MLA) is based on Lycoctonine but with an additional benzoic acid moiety and a 3-methyl-2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidine group (succinimide) attached to that. It is a highly poisonous diterpenoid (or more strictly, a nor-diterpenoid, since it has one less carbon atom than the required 20 for a diterpenoid) alkaloid which is found in many species of Larkspur and is the principle toxin therein. It has insecticidal properties. Lycoctonine, upon which it is based, is however far less poisonous by between 10 to 100-fold. MLA blocks neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle but not smooth muscle which is typical of acetylcholine antagonists at nicotinic (but not muscarinic) sites. It is highly poisonous to both humans and livestock causing complete paralysis and respiratory arrest. Neostigmine with Atropine was found to be an effective antidote for sheep whereas for calves Physostigmine reversed the effects. It has been used as a treatment for neurological disorders. The lethal dose (LD50) of MethylLycAconitine for man has not been determined, but it is likely to be less than 0.5mg/kg body weight, thus ruling out most, if not all, applications as a therapeutic pharmaceutical. It is interesting to note that several anti-convulsant pharmaceuticals are based upon Succinimide, such as Phensuximide, which also has the phenyl group attached (but in a different place to that in MLA. Larkspur also contains over 30 similar diterpenoid alkaloids: 14-acetyldelcosine, 14-acetyldelectine, 13-O-acetylvakhmatine, ajabicine, ajacine, 14-deacetylajadine, dihydroajaconine, ajacusine, ajadelphine, ajadelphinine, ajadine, ajadinine, ajanine, ambiguine, 14-deacetylambiguine, anthranoyllycoctonine, browniine, 14-acetylbrowniine, delajacine, delajacirine, delajadine, delcosine, delectine, delphatine, 19-oxodelphatine, delpheline, delphisine, delsoline, deltaline, deltatsine, gigactonine, 18-methoxygadesine, 19-oxoanthranoyllycoctonine, takaosamine and vakhmatine. But the first to be found was named Ajaconine, after the specific epithet of Larkspurs' binomial name, Consolida ajacis.